Field study was conducted to evaluate the Performance of Hose-reel Machine for wheat crop growth was studied. The machine was operated at 55 psi to 67 psi pressure and field data was collected. Results of the study revealed that the cart gun covered a maximum wetted radius of 40.8 m at 62 psi. The application efficiency was maximum as 75.65% at the base pressure of 60 psi and the distribution uniformity as 73.85% at 62 psi. The wheat crop yield per unit area found to vary from 25% to 30% higher with the Hose-reel Sprinkler system.This book certainly enhance learning among researcher, scientists, students and farm mangers and helps planning research studies. The authors appreciate the efforts of Barthlemy Chaton and his team in facilitating and highly acknowledge publishing of it by LAMBERT Academic Publishing for technical knowledge sharing internationally.

Laboratory study was conducted to examine whether there is any beneficial effect of magnetically treated water on its quality and seedling emergence in sandculture. Water of various types like tap water, saline water, canal water and sewerage water was applied. Results revealed that the application of magnetized water promoted the germination rate of maize seeds, regardless of magnetic strength or flow rate. Seeds irrigated with magnetized water grew faster, higher and heavier than the untreated water and a significant effect appear with magnetized sewerage water. On the other hand, there was negligible effect of magnetically treated water on quality parameters like EC, pH, and SAR. The results are presented in this book that certainly enhance learning among researcher, scientists and students and helps planning research studies The authors appreciate the efforts of Barthlemy Chaton and his team in facilitating during book finalization and highly acknowledge publishing of this book by LAMBERT Publishing House Ltd., for technical knowledge sharing internationally.

Water is an important life-supporting resource and is essential for food production. The continued decrease in supply of irrigation water has diverted the attention of researchers towards finding new ways for efficient irrigation management. Present study investigates the effect of compost admixture technology on the infiltration and flow properties of water on borders. Field water advance rate was measured and SIRMOD model was used to simulate irrigation performance and the results are presented in this book. This book certainly enhance learning among researcher, scientists, students and farm mangers and helps planning research studies. The author appreciate the efforts of Barthlemy Chaton and his team in facilitating and highly acknowledge publishing of it by LAMBERT Publishing House for technical knowledge sharing internationally.

Radio spectrum is becoming scarce resource due to increase in the usage of wireless communication devices. However studies have revealed that most of the allotted spectrum is not used effectively. Given the demand for more bandwidth and the amount of underutilized spectrum, DSA (Dynamic Spectrum Access) networks employing cognitive radios are a solution that can revolutionize the telecommunications industry, significantly changing the way we use spectrum resources, and design wireless systems and services. Cognitive radio has improve the spectral efficiency of licensed radio frequency bands by accessing unused part of the band opportunistically without interfering with a license primary user PU. In this thesis we investigate the effects on the quality of service (QoS) performance of spectrum management techniques for the connection-based channel usage behavior for Secondary user (SU). This study also consider other factors such as spectrum sensing time, spectrum handoff and generally distributed service time and channel contention for different SUs. The preemptive resume priority M/G/1 queuing theory is used to characterize the above mentioned effects.

Increase in demand of water with passage of time for irrigation and hydropower lead Pakistan to conserve its all water resources. Unfortunately the absence of long term runoff record makes it difficult to estimate the availability of water. Therefore for estimation of runoff certain other techniques are in use but the most common method in practice is SCS-CN method. SCS-CN technique shows the catchment response of precipitation in the form of runoff. Mishira and Singh modified its equation by introducing two more parameter and redefining one term and finally recommended modified model of the existing SCS-CN method. The modified form of SCS Methods were used on different sized catchments i.e. Soan River, Ling River and Darmalak Dam to compared results with existing SCS-CN method for runoff estimation, as presented in this technical book. The author appreciate the efforts of Barthlemy Chaton and his team in providing guidance for book finalization and highly acknowledge publishing of it by VDM Publishing House Ltd. for scientific knowledge sharing globally, that certainly would be valued in near future.

Performance of Drip irrigation has been recognized throughout the world especially in terms of water saving. Even though a lot work has been done but still, a lot need to be done, under changing field environment. Present study aims at saving water with minimum adverse effects on the crop yield using Trickle Irrigation for different field crops with special reference to Energy Cost and Economic Return in irrigated environment and the results are presented in this book. This book certainly enhance learning among researcher, scientists, students and farm mangers and helps planning research studies. The authors appreciate the efforts of Barthlemy Chaton and his team in facilitating and highly acknowledge publishing of it by VDM Publishing House Ltd., for technical knowledge sharing internationally.

Knowledge of flow resistance for different flow conditions helps for better understanding of water resources problems, such as flood routing, channel enhancement, backwater curve computation, and scouring.In studies of flow with suspended sediment two issues often raised are the effect of suspended sediment on velocity distribution and flow resistance. The material going into suspension changes the flow and fluid characteristics and, as such, influence on the resistance to flow. So it is needed to check the effect of suspended sediments on flow depth for exact design of channel. Accurate flow resistance values may improve the channel design and help in deciding depths of the channels. At the end of this book, a list of references has been given that would helps the readers for further reading.Final results are presented in this book and recommendations were drawn for researchers and planners. The authors appreciate the efforts of Barthlemy Chaton and his team in facilitating and highly acknowledge publishing of it by VDM Publishing House Ltd., for technical knowledge sharing internationally.

Pakistan lies in arid to semi arid zone and annual rainfalls vary from 5 to 14 inches in plains and above 20 inches in the northern areas. Overall about 9 MAF net rainfall's volume is estimated to reach the irrigation system annually. The rainfall zones, where runoff data is not available, estimation of runoff from rainfall is a difficult job.Mathematical models for estimating runoff from rainfall data are in use by hydrologists. Small catchments where hydrological data is not available and also for ungauged catchments, its difficult to apply such models. For ungauged catchments, estimation of runoff Strange table was applied in present study as its has frequent used by different agencies in Pakistan for estimating runoff volume from rainfall data for ungauged small catchments during feasibility stage of the projects. Results of the study are presented in this technical book.The authors appreciate the efforts of Barthlemy Chaton and his team in facilitating and highly acknowledge publishing of it by VDM Publishing House Ltd., for technical knowledge sharing internationally.

Nara Canal is a perennial irrigation canal having six falls but two falls on the canal at RD 26 and RD 139 are found to be favourable for hydropower development. A number of layouts plan has been studied by collecting discharge data for the years 1995 to 2005 and flow duration curves were prepared to ascertain the availability of flows. For design discharge of the studied layouts, flow of 311 m3/s and 307 m3/s for Layout-A and Layout-B respectively which were available 30% time of the year were selected. Power potential and Energy output were evaluated for both layouts in comparying and finalization of layout scheme. The maximum power output for Layout-A and Layout-B was 5.5 MW and 8.11 MW respectively.The mean annual energy output expected for Layout-A and Layout-B was 35.5 GWh and 57.17 GWh respectively. Detailed results are presented in this technical book. The authors appreciate the efforts of Barthlemy Chaton and his team in facilitating and highly acknowledge publishing of it by VDM Publishing House Ltd., for technical knowledge sharing internationally.

Performance of Drip irrigation has been recognized throughout the world especially in terms of water saving. Even though a lot work has been done but still, a lot need to be done, under changing field environment. Present study focus on the testing the surface and subsurface drip irrigation on moisture distribution within the field irrigated environment. Results of the study are presented in this technical book. This book certainly enhance learning among researcher, scientists, students and farm mangers and helps planning research studies. The author acknowledge PCRWR in full support for field experiments and appreciate the efforts of Barthlemy Chaton and his team in facilitating and highly acknowledge publishing of it by VDM Publishing House Ltd., for technical knowledge sharing internationally.

Demand of food is increasing day by day and performance of an irrigation system is associated with infiltration characteristic of the soil. An extensive irrigation system is being developed in Greater Thal Canal area that has predominately coarser soils which results to higher deep percolation losses than the losses in other cultivated land. Soil amendments like bentonite have the potential to be used in reducing infiltration rate and improving the moisture within rootzone in irrigated environment. Infiltration was described by the Kostiakov Equation and SIRMOD model was used to estimate the performance parameters of an irrigation event. Results of the study are presented in this technical book.This book certainly enhance learning among researcher, scientists and students and helps planning research studies in meeting food demands for the survival of humanity on this globe before its too late. The author appreciate the efforts of Barthlemy Chaton and his team in facilitating during book finalization and highly acknowledge publishing of this book by VDM Publishing House Ltd., for technical knowledge sharing internationally.

Groundwater is equally important to meet the rapidly expanding need in agricultural sector and its quantification is necessity for efficient and sustainable groundwater resource development and management. The availability of recharge estimation techniques differ climatically and hence need a well-defined methodology for presenting different recharge processes and its adoptability after verification of results. Three methods (Gravimetric, rainfall runoff and water table fluctuation) were used at the BARI Farm to estimate recharge. High recharge values are estimated in areas that are mainly dominated by grassland type of vegetation and low values in areas covered by shrubs and thick vegetation. Field measurements are the basis of recharge investigations since they give a realistic idea on recharge processes. They should work hand in hand with models for better estimations of groundwater recharge as presented in this technical book.The author appreciate the efforts of Barthlemy Chaton and his team in facilitating and highly acknowledge publishing of it by VDM Publishing House Ltd., for technical knowledge sharing internationally.

Natural streams are always considered as an easy way to dispose-off many kinds of waste water effluent. Sewage water is discharged into the river at some places and under low flow conditions in river, the waste water in channel causes swear hazardous problems to the nearby communities. Thus, its very important to determine the quality and quantity interchanging from river to adjoining flow domain. Present study was conducted near River Ravi at Lahore.Overall results are presented in this technical book. This book certainly enhance learning among researcher, scientists, students and farm mangers on the impact of remodeling of outlets on local community and helps planning research studies for the survival of humanity. The author appreciate the efforts of Barthlemy Chaton and his team in facilitating during book finalization and highly acknowledge publishing of this book by VDM Publishing House Ltd., for technical knowledge sharing internationally.

Purpose of study was to quantify canal water distribution and its impact on income of the farmers in selected watercourse of 3-R distributary before and after the remodeling of outlets. The study was conducted on 3-R distributary of subsystem 6 in district Bahwalnagar of Punjab, Pakistan. Total 9 watercourses were selected of subsystem 6 of 3-R distributary. The subsystem 6 was divided into 3 reaches i.e. the Head, Middle and Tail reaches, and three watercourses were selected in every reach of field study. For every watercourse, Farmers interview at head, middle and tail ends was conducted and results are presented in this technical book. This book certainly enhance learning among researcher, scientists, students and farm mangers on the impact of remodeling of outlets on local community and helps planning research studies for the survival of humanity. The author appreciate the efforts of Barthlemy Chaton and his team in facilitating during book finalization and highly acknowledge publishing of this book by VDM Publishing House Ltd., for technical knowledge sharing internationally.

Power Generation is essentially required for improving and maintaining the infrastructure of the overall development of a nation. It is the tool to forge the economic growth of any country. Spat Gah-Gabarband Gah valleys consisted of Upper Spat Gah (US), Middle Gabarband (MG), both with dams, and Lower SpatGah (LS) stage as a runoff river scheme and run almost parallel in east west direction for about 30 km, up to their zenith at elevation 2800 m. The project aims for development of a high head hydropower scheme, located on the left bank of the Indus River in Kohistan district (NWFP). The main objective of this study was development and optimization of Lower Spat Gah (LS) scheme in cascade and simulation of energy generation at with and without addition of the Upper schemes of the cascade. Finally simulation results are presented in this book and recommendations were drawn for researchers and planners. The author appreciate the efforts of Barthlemy Chaton and his team in facilitating and highly acknowledge publishing of it by VDM Publishing House Ltd., for technical knowledge sharing internationally.

Power Generation is essentially required for improving and maintaining the infrastructure of the overall development of a nation. It is the tool to forge the economic growth of any country. Ghazi-Barotha is a runoff river hydropower project located at downstream of Tarbela and on left bank of Indus River. The project was studied to feasibility level in 1990, implementation was started in 1995 and now in operation since 2003. The project is being operated with full capacity during peak hours but be influenced by Kalabagh reservoir during August to March. The reduction in head to some extent reduces the power and energy. This research work had analyzed and evaluated the extent of reduced power and energy considering 20 year flow data. Finally conclusion and recommendations are drawn for researchers and planners. The author appreciate the efforts of Barthlemy Chaton and his team in facilitating and highly acknowledge publishing of it by VDM Publishing House Ltd., for technical knowledge sharing internationally.